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- Subject: v13i089: Sun RPC, release 3.9, Part12/15
- Newsgroups: comp.sources.unix
- Sender: sources
- Approved: rsalz@uunet.UU.NET
-
- Submitted-by: Stephen X. Nahm <sxn@Sun.COM>
- Posting-number: Volume 13, Issue 89
- Archive-name: rpc3.9/part12
-
- #! /bin/sh
- # This is a shell archive. To extract, remove the header and type "sh filename"
- #
- cd doc
- echo x - rpc.rfc.ms
- sed -e 's/^X//' > rpc.rfc.ms <<'Funky_Stuff'
- X.\" @(#)rpc.rfc.ms 1.2 87/11/09 3.9 RPCSRC
- X.de BT
- X.if \\n%=1 .tl ''- % -''
- X..
- X.ND
- X.\" prevent excess underlining in nroff
- X.if n .fp 2 R
- X.OH 'Remote Procedure Calls: Protocol Specification''Page %'
- X.EH 'Page %''Remote Procedure Calls: Protocol Specification'
- X.if \\n%=1 .bp
- X.SH
- \&Remote Procedure Calls: Protocol Specification
- X.LP
- X.NH 0
- \&Status of this Memo
- X.LP
- Note: This chapter specifies a protocol that Sun Microsystems, Inc.,
- and others are using. It has been submitted to the ARPA-Internet
- for consideration as an RFC. \fBCertain details may change as a result
- of comments made during the review of this draft standard.\fP
- X.LP
- X.NH 1
- \&Introduction
- X.LP
- This chapter specifies a message protocol used in implementing
- Sun's Remote Procedure Call (RPC) package. (The message protocol is
- specified with the eXternal Data Representation (XDR) language.
- See the
- \fIeXternal Data Representation Standard\fP
- for the details. Here, we assume that the reader is familiar
- with XDR and do not attempt to justify RPC or its uses). The paper
- by Birrell and Nelson [1] is recommended as an excellent background
- to and justification of RPC.
- X.NH 2
- \&Terminology
- X.LP
- This chapter discusses servers, services, programs, procedures,
- clients, and versions. A server is a piece of software where network
- services are implemented. A network service is a collection of one
- or more remote programs. A remote program implements one or more
- remote procedures; the procedures, their parameters, and results are
- documented in the specific program's protocol specification (see the
- \fIPort Mapper Program Protocol\fP\, below, for an example). Network
- clients are pieces of software that initiate remote procedure calls
- to services. A server may support more than one version of a remote
- program in order to be forward compatible with changing protocols.
- X.LP
- For example, a network file service may be composed of two programs.
- One program may deal with high-level applications such as file system
- access control and locking. The other may deal with low-level file
- IO and have procedures like "read" and "write". A client machine of
- the network file service would call the procedures associated with
- the two programs of the service on behalf of some user on the client
- machine.
- X.NH 2
- \&The RPC Model
- X.LP
- The remote procedure call model is similar to the local procedure
- call model. In the local case, the caller places arguments to a
- procedure in some well-specified location (such as a result
- register). It then transfers control to the procedure, and
- eventually gains back control. At that point, the results of the
- procedure are extracted from the well-specified location, and the
- caller continues execution.
- X.LP
- The remote procedure call is similar, in that one thread of control
- logically winds through two processes\(emone is the caller's process,
- the other is a server's process. That is, the caller process sends a
- call message to the server process and waits (blocks) for a reply
- message. The call message contains the procedure's parameters, among
- other things. The reply message contains the procedure's results,
- among other things. Once the reply message is received, the results
- of the procedure are extracted, and caller's execution is resumed.
- X.LP
- On the server side, a process is dormant awaiting the arrival of a
- call message. When one arrives, the server process extracts the
- procedure's parameters, computes the results, sends a reply message,
- and then awaits the next call message.
- X.LP
- Note that in this model, only one of the two processes is active at
- any given time. However, this model is only given as an example.
- The RPC protocol makes no restrictions on the concurrency model
- implemented, and others are possible. For example, an implementation
- may choose to have RPC calls be asynchronous, so that the client may
- do useful work while waiting for the reply from the server. Another
- possibility is to have the server create a task to process an
- incoming request, so that the server can be free to receive other
- requests.
- X.NH 2
- \&Transports and Semantics
- X.LP
- The RPC protocol is independent of transport protocols. That is, RPC
- does not care how a message is passed from one process to another.
- The protocol deals only with specification and interpretation of
- messages.
- X.LP
- It is important to point out that RPC does not try to implement any
- kind of reliability and that the application must be aware of the
- type of transport protocol underneath RPC. If it knows it is running
- on top of a reliable transport such as TCP/IP[6], then most of the
- work is already done for it. On the other hand, if it is running on
- top of an unreliable transport such as UDP/IP[7], it must implement
- is own retransmission and time-out policy as the RPC layer does not
- provide this service.
- X.LP
- Because of transport independence, the RPC protocol does not attach
- specific semantics to the remote procedures or their execution.
- Semantics can be inferred from (but should be explicitly specified
- by) the underlying transport protocol. For example, consider RPC
- running on top of an unreliable transport such as UDP/IP. If an
- application retransmits RPC messages after short time-outs, the only
- thing it can infer if it receives no reply is that the procedure was
- executed zero or more times. If it does receive a reply, then it can
- infer that the procedure was executed at least once.
- X.LP
- A server may wish to remember previously granted requests from a
- client and not regrant them in order to insure some degree of
- execute-at-most-once semantics. A server can do this by taking
- advantage of the transaction ID that is packaged with every RPC
- request. The main use of this transaction is by the client RPC layer
- in matching replies to requests. However, a client application may
- choose to reuse its previous transaction ID when retransmitting a
- request. The server application, knowing this fact, may choose to
- remember this ID after granting a request and not regrant requests
- with the same ID in order to achieve some degree of
- execute-at-most-once semantics. The server is not allowed to examine
- this ID in any other way except as a test for equality.
- X.LP
- On the other hand, if using a reliable transport such as TCP/IP, the
- application can infer from a reply message that the procedure was
- executed exactly once, but if it receives no reply message, it cannot
- assume the remote procedure was not executed. Note that even if a
- connection-oriented protocol like TCP is used, an application still
- needs time-outs and reconnection to handle server crashes.
- X.LP
- There are other possibilities for transports besides datagram- or
- connection-oriented protocols. For example, a request-reply protocol
- such as VMTP[2] is perhaps the most natural transport for RPC.
- X.SH
- X.I
- NOTE: At Sun, RPC is currently implemented on top of both TCP/IP
- and UDP/IP transports.
- X.LP
- X.NH 2
- \&Binding and Rendezvous Independence
- X.LP
- The act of binding a client to a service is NOT part of the remote
- procedure call specification. This important and necessary function
- is left up to some higher-level software. (The software may use RPC
- itself\(emsee the \fIPort Mapper Program Protocol\fP\, below).
- X.LP
- Implementors should think of the RPC protocol as the jump-subroutine
- instruction ("JSR") of a network; the loader (binder) makes JSR
- useful, and the loader itself uses JSR to accomplish its task.
- Likewise, the network makes RPC useful, using RPC to accomplish this
- task.
- X.NH 2
- \&Authentication
- X.LP
- The RPC protocol provides the fields necessary for a client to
- identify itself to a service and vice-versa. Security and access
- control mechanisms can be built on top of the message authentication.
- Several different authentication protocols can be supported. A field
- in the RPC header indicates which protocol is being used. More
- information on specific authentication protocols can be found in the
- \fIAuthentication Protocols\fP\,
- below.
- X.KS
- X.NH 1
- \&RPC Protocol Requirements
- X.LP
- The RPC protocol must provide for the following:
- X.IP 1.
- Unique specification of a procedure to be called.
- X.IP 2.
- Provisions for matching response messages to request messages.
- X.KE
- X.IP 3.
- Provisions for authenticating the caller to service and vice-versa.
- X.LP
- Besides these requirements, features that detect the following are
- worth supporting because of protocol roll-over errors, implementation
- bugs, user error, and network administration:
- X.IP 1.
- RPC protocol mismatches.
- X.IP 2.
- Remote program protocol version mismatches.
- X.IP 3.
- Protocol errors (such as misspecification of a procedure's parameters).
- X.IP 4.
- Reasons why remote authentication failed.
- X.IP 5.
- Any other reasons why the desired procedure was not called.
- X.NH 2
- \&Programs and Procedures
- X.LP
- The RPC call message has three unsigned fields: remote program
- number, remote program version number, and remote procedure number.
- The three fields uniquely identify the procedure to be called.
- Program numbers are administered by some central authority (like
- Sun). Once an implementor has a program number, he can implement his
- remote program; the first implementation would most likely have the
- version number of 1. Because most new protocols evolve into better,
- stable, and mature protocols, a version field of the call message
- identifies which version of the protocol the caller is using.
- Version numbers make speaking old and new protocols through the same
- server process possible.
- X.LP
- The procedure number identifies the procedure to be called. These
- numbers are documented in the specific program's protocol
- specification. For example, a file service's protocol specification
- may state that its procedure number 5 is "read" and procedure number
- 12 is "write".
- X.LP
- Just as remote program protocols may change over several versions,
- the actual RPC message protocol could also change. Therefore, the
- call message also has in it the RPC version number, which is always
- equal to two for the version of RPC described here.
- X.LP
- The reply message to a request message has enough information to
- distinguish the following error conditions:
- X.IP 1.
- The remote implementation of RPC does speak protocol version 2.
- The lowest and highest supported RPC version numbers are returned.
- X.IP 2.
- The remote program is not available on the remote system.
- X.IP 3.
- The remote program does not support the requested version number.
- The lowest and highest supported remote program version numbers are
- returned.
- X.IP 4.
- The requested procedure number does not exist. (This is usually a
- caller side protocol or programming error.)
- X.IP 5.
- The parameters to the remote procedure appear to be garbage from the
- server's point of view. (Again, this is usually caused by a
- disagreement about the protocol between client and service.)
- X.NH 2
- \&Authentication
- X.LP
- Provisions for authentication of caller to service and vice-versa are
- provided as a part of the RPC protocol. The call message has two
- authentication fields, the credentials and verifier. The reply
- message has one authentication field, the response verifier. The RPC
- protocol specification defines all three fields to be the following
- opaque type:
- X.DS
- X.ft CW
- X.vs 11
- enum auth_flavor {
- AUTH_NULL = 0,
- AUTH_UNIX = 1,
- AUTH_SHORT = 2,
- /* \fIand more to be defined\fP */
- };
-
- struct opaque_auth {
- auth_flavor flavor;
- opaque body<400>;
- };
- X.DE
- X.LP
- In simple English, any
- X.I opaque_auth
- structure is an
- X.I auth_flavor
- enumeration followed by bytes which are opaque to the RPC protocol
- implementation.
- X.LP
- The interpretation and semantics of the data contained within the
- authentication fields is specified by individual, independent
- authentication protocol specifications. (See
- \fIAuthentication Protocols\fP\,
- below, for definitions of the various authentication protocols.)
- X.LP
- If authentication parameters were rejected, the response message
- contains information stating why they were rejected.
- X.NH 2
- \&Program Number Assignment
- X.LP
- Program numbers are given out in groups of
- X.I 0x20000000
- (decimal 536870912) according to the following chart:
- X.TS
- box tab (&) ;
- lfI lfI
- rfL cfI .
- Program Numbers&Description
- _
- X.sp .5
- 0 - 1fffffff&Defined by Sun
- 20000000 - 3fffffff&Defined by user
- 40000000 - 5fffffff&Transient
- 60000000 - 7fffffff&Reserved
- 80000000 - 9fffffff&Reserved
- a0000000 - bfffffff&Reserved
- c0000000 - dfffffff&Reserved
- e0000000 - ffffffff&Reserved
- X.TE
- X.LP
- The first group is a range of numbers administered by Sun
- Microsystems and should be identical for all sites. The second range
- is for applications peculiar to a particular site. This range is
- intended primarily for debugging new programs. When a site develops
- an application that might be of general interest, that application
- should be given an assigned number in the first range. The third
- group is for applications that generate program numbers dynamically.
- The final groups are reserved for future use, and should not be used.
- X.NH 2
- \&Other Uses of the RPC Protocol
- X.LP
- The intended use of this protocol is for calling remote procedures.
- That is, each call message is matched with a response message.
- However, the protocol itself is a message-passing protocol with which
- other (non-RPC) protocols can be implemented. Sun currently uses, or
- perhaps abuses, the RPC message protocol for the following two
- (non-RPC) protocols: batching (or pipelining) and broadcast RPC.
- These two protocols are discussed but not defined below.
- X.NH 3
- \&Batching
- X.LP
- Batching allows a client to send an arbitrarily large sequence of
- call messages to a server; batching typically uses reliable byte
- stream protocols (like TCP/IP) for its transport. In the case of
- batching, the client never waits for a reply from the server, and the
- server does not send replies to batch requests. A sequence of batch
- calls is usually terminated by a legitimate RPC in order to flush the
- pipeline (with positive acknowledgement).
- X.NH 3
- \&Broadcast RPC
- X.LP
- In broadcast RPC-based protocols, the client sends a broadcast packet
- to the network and waits for numerous replies. Broadcast RPC uses
- unreliable, packet-based protocols (like UDP/IP) as its transports.
- Servers that support broadcast protocols only respond when the
- request is successfully processed, and are silent in the face of
- errors. Broadcast RPC uses the Port Mapper RPC service to achieve
- its semantics. See the \fIPort Mapper Program Protocol\fP\, below,
- for more information.
- X.KS
- X.NH 1
- \&The RPC Message Protocol
- X.LP
- This section defines the RPC message protocol in the XDR data
- description language. The message is defined in a top-down style.
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft CW
- enum msg_type {
- CALL = 0,
- REPLY = 1
- };
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * A reply to a call message can take on two forms:
- * The message was either accepted or rejected.
- */
- X.ft CW
- enum reply_stat {
- MSG_ACCEPTED = 0,
- MSG_DENIED = 1
- };
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Given that a call message was accepted, the following is the
- * status of an attempt to call a remote procedure.
- */
- X.ft CW
- enum accept_stat {
- SUCCESS = 0, /* \fIRPC executed successfully \fP*/
- PROG_UNAVAIL = 1, /* \fIremote hasn't exported program \fP*/
- PROG_MISMATCH = 2, /* \fIremote can't support version # \fP*/
- PROC_UNAVAIL = 3, /* \fIprogram can't support procedure \fP*/
- GARBAGE_ARGS = 4 /* \fIprocedure can't decode params \fP*/
- };
- X.DE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Reasons why a call message was rejected:
- */
- X.ft CW
- enum reject_stat {
- RPC_MISMATCH = 0, /* \fIRPC version number != 2 \fP*/
- AUTH_ERROR = 1 /* \fIremote can't authenticate caller \fP*/
- };
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Why authentication failed:
- */
- X.ft CW
- enum auth_stat {
- AUTH_BADCRED = 1, /* \fIbad credentials (seal broken) \fP*/
- AUTH_REJECTEDCRED = 2, /* \fIclient must begin new session \fP*/
- AUTH_BADVERF = 3, /* \fIbad verifier (seal broken) \fP*/
- AUTH_REJECTEDVERF = 4, /* \fIverifier expired or replayed \fP*/
- AUTH_TOOWEAK = 5 /* \fIrejected for security reasons \fP*/
- };
- X.DE
- X.KE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * The RPC message:
- * All messages start with a transaction identifier, xid,
- * followed by a two-armed discriminated union. The union's
- * discriminant is a msg_type which switches to one of the two
- * types of the message. The xid of a \fIREPLY\fP message always
- * matches that of the initiating \fICALL\fP message. NB: The xid
- * field is only used for clients matching reply messages with
- * call messages or for servers detecting retransmissions; the
- * service side cannot treat this id as any type of sequence
- * number.
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct rpc_msg {
- unsigned int xid;
- union switch (msg_type mtype) {
- case CALL:
- call_body cbody;
- case REPLY:
- reply_body rbody;
- } body;
- };
- X.DE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Body of an RPC request call:
- * In version 2 of the RPC protocol specification, rpcvers must
- * be equal to 2. The fields prog, vers, and proc specify the
- * remote program, its version number, and the procedure within
- * the remote program to be called. After these fields are two
- * authentication parameters: cred (authentication credentials)
- * and verf (authentication verifier). The two authentication
- * parameters are followed by the parameters to the remote
- * procedure, which are specified by the specific program
- * protocol.
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct call_body {
- unsigned int rpcvers; /* \fImust be equal to two (2) \fP*/
- unsigned int prog;
- unsigned int vers;
- unsigned int proc;
- opaque_auth cred;
- opaque_auth verf;
- /* \fIprocedure specific parameters start here \fP*/
- };
- X.DE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Body of a reply to an RPC request:
- * The call message was either accepted or rejected.
- */
- X.ft CW
- union reply_body switch (reply_stat stat) {
- case MSG_ACCEPTED:
- accepted_reply areply;
- case MSG_DENIED:
- rejected_reply rreply;
- } reply;
- X.DE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Reply to an RPC request that was accepted by the server:
- * there could be an error even though the request was accepted.
- * The first field is an authentication verifier that the server
- * generates in order to validate itself to the caller. It is
- * followed by a union whose discriminant is an enum
- * accept_stat. The \fISUCCESS\fP arm of the union is protocol
- * specific. The \fIPROG_UNAVAIL\fP, \fIPROC_UNAVAIL\fP, and \fIGARBAGE_ARGP\fP
- * arms of the union are void. The \fIPROG_MISMATCH\fP arm specifies
- * the lowest and highest version numbers of the remote program
- * supported by the server.
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct accepted_reply {
- opaque_auth verf;
- union switch (accept_stat stat) {
- case SUCCESS:
- opaque results[0];
- /* \fIprocedure-specific results start here\fP */
- case PROG_MISMATCH:
- struct {
- unsigned int low;
- unsigned int high;
- } mismatch_info;
- default:
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Void. Cases include \fIPROG_UNAVAIL, PROC_UNAVAIL\fP,
- * and \fIGARBAGE_ARGS\fP.
- */
- X.ft CW
- void;
- } reply_data;
- };
- X.DE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Reply to an RPC request that was rejected by the server:
- * The request can be rejected for two reasons: either the
- * server is not running a compatible version of the RPC
- * protocol (\fIRPC_MISMATCH\fP), or the server refuses to
- * authenticate the caller (\fIAUTH_ERROR\fP). In case of an RPC
- * version mismatch, the server returns the lowest and highest
- * supported RPC version numbers. In case of refused
- * authentication, failure status is returned.
- */
- X.ft CW
- union rejected_reply switch (reject_stat stat) {
- case RPC_MISMATCH:
- struct {
- unsigned int low;
- unsigned int high;
- } mismatch_info;
- case AUTH_ERROR:
- auth_stat stat;
- };
- X.DE
- X.NH 1
- \&Authentication Protocols
- X.LP
- As previously stated, authentication parameters are opaque, but
- open-ended to the rest of the RPC protocol. This section defines
- some "flavors" of authentication implemented at (and supported by)
- Sun. Other sites are free to invent new authentication types, with
- the same rules of flavor number assignment as there is for program
- number assignment.
- X.NH 2
- \&Null Authentication
- X.LP
- Often calls must be made where the caller does not know who he is or
- the server does not care who the caller is. In this case, the flavor
- value (the discriminant of the \fIopaque_auth\fP's union) of the RPC
- message's credentials, verifier, and response verifier is
- X.I AUTH_NULL .
- The bytes of the opaque_auth's body are undefined.
- It is recommended that the opaque length be zero.
- X.NH 2
- \&UNIX Authentication
- X.LP
- The caller of a remote procedure may wish to identify himself as he
- is identified on a UNIX system. The value of the credential's
- discriminant of an RPC call message is
- X.I AUTH_UNIX .
- the credential's opaque body encode the the following structure:
- X.DS
- X.ft CW
- struct auth_unix {
- unsigned int stamp;
- string machinename<255>;
- unsigned int uid;
- unsigned int gid;
- unsigned int gids<10>;
- };
- X.DE
- The
- X.I stamp
- is an arbitrary ID which the caller machine may
- generate. The
- X.I machinename
- is the name of the caller's machine (like "krypton"). The
- X.I uid
- is the caller's effective user ID. The
- X.I gid
- is the caller's effective group ID. The
- X.I gids
- is a
- counted array of groups which contain the caller as a member. The
- verifier accompanying the credentials should be of
- X.I AUTH_NULL
- (defined above).
- X.LP
- The value of the discriminant of the response verifier received in
- the reply message from the server may be
- X.I AUTH_NULL
- or
- X.I AUTH_SHORT .
- In the case of
- X.I AUTH_SHORT ,
- the bytes of the response verifier's string encode an opaque
- structure. This new opaque structure may now be passed to the server
- instead of the original
- X.I AUTH_UNIX
- flavor credentials. The server keeps a cache which maps shorthand
- opaque structures (passed back by way of an
- X.I AUTH_SHORT
- style response verifier) to the original credentials of the caller.
- The caller can save network bandwidth and server cpu cycles by using
- the new credentials.
- X.LP
- The server may flush the shorthand opaque structure at any time. If
- this happens, the remote procedure call message will be rejected due
- to an authentication error. The reason for the failure will be
- X.I AUTH_REJECTEDCRED .
- At this point, the caller may wish to try the original
- X.I AUTH_UNIX
- style of credentials.
- X.KS
- X.NH 1
- \&Record Marking Standard
- X.LP
- When RPC messages are passed on top of a byte stream protocol (like
- TCP/IP), it is necessary, or at least desirable, to delimit one
- message from another in order to detect and possibly recover from
- user protocol errors. This is called record marking (RM). Sun uses
- this RM/TCP/IP transport for passing RPC messages on TCP streams.
- One RPC message fits into one RM record.
- X.LP
- A record is composed of one or more record fragments. A record
- fragment is a four-byte header followed by 0 to (2**31) - 1 bytes of
- fragment data. The bytes encode an unsigned binary number; as with
- XDR integers, the byte order is from highest to lowest. The number
- encodes two values\(ema boolean which indicates whether the fragment
- is the last fragment of the record (bit value 1 implies the fragment
- is the last fragment) and a 31-bit unsigned binary value which is the
- length in bytes of the fragment's data. The boolean value is the
- highest-order bit of the header; the length is the 31 low-order bits.
- (Note that this record specification is NOT in XDR standard form!)
- X.KE
- X.KS
- X.NH 1
- \&The RPC Language
- X.LP
- Just as there was a need to describe the XDR data-types in a formal
- language, there is also need to describe the procedures that operate
- on these XDR data-types in a formal language as well. We use the RPC
- Language for this purpose. It is an extension to the XDR language.
- The following example is used to describe the essence of the
- language.
- X.NH 2
- \&An Example Service Described in the RPC Language
- X.LP
- Here is an example of the specification of a simple ping program.
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.vs 11
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Simple ping program
- */
- X.ft CW
- program PING_PROG {
- /* \fILatest and greatest version\fP */
- version PING_VERS_PINGBACK {
- void
- PINGPROC_NULL(void) = 0;
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Ping the caller, return the round-trip time
- * (in microseconds). Returns -1 if the operation
- * timed out.
- */
- X.ft CW
- int
- PINGPROC_PINGBACK(void) = 1;
- } = 2;
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Original version
- */
- X.ft CW
- version PING_VERS_ORIG {
- void
- PINGPROC_NULL(void) = 0;
- } = 1;
- } = 1;
-
- const PING_VERS = 2; /* \fIlatest version \fP*/
- X.vs
- X.DE
- X.KE
- X.LP
- The first version described is
- X.I PING_VERS_PINGBACK
- with two procedures,
- X.I PINGPROC_NULL
- and
- X.I PINGPROC_PINGBACK.
- X.I PINGPROC_NULL
- takes no arguments and returns no results, but it is useful for
- computing round-trip times from the client to the server and back
- again. By convention, procedure 0 of any RPC protocol should have
- the same semantics, and never require any kind of authentication.
- The second procedure is used for the client to have the server do a
- reverse ping operation back to the client, and it returns the amount
- of time (in microseconds) that the operation used. The next version,
- X.I PING_VERS_ORIG ,
- is the original version of the protocol
- and it does not contain
- X.I PINGPROC_PINGBACK
- procedure. It is useful
- for compatibility with old client programs, and as this program
- matures it may be dropped from the protocol entirely.
- X.KS
- X.NH 2
- \&The RPC Language Specification
- X.LP
- The RPC language is identical to the XDR language, except for the
- added definition of a
- X.I program-def
- described below.
- X.DS
- X.ft CW
- program-def:
- "program" identifier "{"
- version-def
- version-def *
- "}" "=" constant ";"
-
- version-def:
- "version" identifier "{"
- procedure-def
- procedure-def *
- "}" "=" constant ";"
-
- procedure-def:
- type-specifier identifier "(" type-specifier ")"
- "=" constant ";"
- X.DE
- X.KE
- X.NH 2
- \&Syntax Notes
- X.IP 1.
- The following keywords are added and cannot be used as
- identifiers: "program" and "version";
- X.IP 2.
- A version name cannot occur more than once within the scope of
- a program definition. Nor can a version number occur more than once
- within the scope of a program definition.
- X.IP 3.
- A procedure name cannot occur more than once within the scope
- of a version definition. Nor can a procedure number occur more than
- once within the scope of version definition.
- X.IP 4.
- Program identifiers are in the same name space as constant and
- type identifiers.
- X.IP 5.
- Only unsigned constants can be assigned to programs, versions
- and procedures.
- X.NH 1
- \&Port Mapper Program Protocol
- X.LP
- The port mapper program maps RPC program and version numbers to
- transport-specific port numbers. This program makes dynamic binding
- of remote programs possible.
- X.LP
- This is desirable because the range of reserved port numbers is very
- small and the number of potential remote programs is very large. By
- running only the port mapper on a reserved port, the port numbers of
- other remote programs can be ascertained by querying the port mapper.
- X.LP
- The port mapper also aids in broadcast RPC. A given RPC program will
- usually have different port number bindings on different machines, so
- there is no way to directly broadcast to all of these programs. The
- port mapper, however, does have a fixed port number. So, to
- broadcast to a given program, the client actually sends its message
- to the port mapper located at the broadcast address. Each port
- mapper that picks up the broadcast then calls the local service
- specified by the client. When the port mapper gets the reply from
- the local service, it sends the reply on back to the client.
- X.KS
- X.NH 2
- \&Port Mapper Protocol Specification (in RPC Language)
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft CW
- X.vs 11
- const PMAP_PORT = 111; /* \fIportmapper port number \fP*/
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * A mapping of (program, version, protocol) to port number
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct mapping {
- unsigned int prog;
- unsigned int vers;
- unsigned int prot;
- unsigned int port;
- };
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Supported values for the "prot" field
- */
- X.ft CW
- const IPPROTO_TCP = 6; /* \fIprotocol number for TCP/IP \fP*/
- const IPPROTO_UDP = 17; /* \fIprotocol number for UDP/IP \fP*/
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * A list of mappings
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct *pmaplist {
- mapping map;
- pmaplist next;
- };
- X.vs
- X.DE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.vs 11
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Arguments to callit
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct call_args {
- unsigned int prog;
- unsigned int vers;
- unsigned int proc;
- opaque args<>;
- };
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Results of callit
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct call_result {
- unsigned int port;
- opaque res<>;
- };
- X.vs
- X.DE
- X.KE
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.vs 11
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Port mapper procedures
- */
- X.ft CW
- program PMAP_PROG {
- version PMAP_VERS {
- void
- PMAPPROC_NULL(void) = 0;
-
- bool
- PMAPPROC_SET(mapping) = 1;
-
- bool
- PMAPPROC_UNSET(mapping) = 2;
-
- unsigned int
- PMAPPROC_GETPORT(mapping) = 3;
-
- pmaplist
- PMAPPROC_DUMP(void) = 4;
-
- call_result
- PMAPPROC_CALLIT(call_args) = 5;
- } = 2;
- } = 100000;
- X.vs
- X.DE
- X.NH 2
- \&Port Mapper Operation
- X.LP
- The portmapper program currently supports two protocols (UDP/IP and
- TCP/IP). The portmapper is contacted by talking to it on assigned
- port number 111 (SUNRPC [8]) on either of these protocols. The
- following is a description of each of the portmapper procedures:
- X.IP \fBPMAPPROC_NULL:\fP
- This procedure does no work. By convention, procedure zero of any
- protocol takes no parameters and returns no results.
- X.IP \fBPMAPPROC_SET:\fP
- When a program first becomes available on a machine, it registers
- itself with the port mapper program on the same machine. The program
- passes its program number "prog", version number "vers", transport
- protocol number "prot", and the port "port" on which it awaits
- service request. The procedure returns a boolean response whose
- value is
- X.I TRUE
- if the procedure successfully established the mapping and
- X.I FALSE
- otherwise. The procedure refuses to establish
- a mapping if one already exists for the tuple "(prog, vers, prot)".
- X.IP \fBPMAPPROC_UNSET:\fP
- When a program becomes unavailable, it should unregister itself with
- the port mapper program on the same machine. The parameters and
- results have meanings identical to those of
- X.I PMAPPROC_SET .
- The protocol and port number fields of the argument are ignored.
- X.IP \fBPMAPPROC_GETPORT:\fP
- Given a program number "prog", version number "vers", and transport
- protocol number "prot", this procedure returns the port number on
- which the program is awaiting call requests. A port value of zeros
- means the program has not been registered. The "port" field of the
- argument is ignored.
- X.IP \fBPMAPPROC_DUMP:\fP
- This procedure enumerates all entries in the port mapper's database.
- The procedure takes no parameters and returns a list of program,
- version, protocol, and port values.
- X.IP \fBPMAPPROC_CALLIT:\fP
- This procedure allows a caller to call another remote procedure on
- the same machine without knowing the remote procedure's port number.
- It is intended for supporting broadcasts to arbitrary remote programs
- via the well-known port mapper's port. The parameters "prog",
- "vers", "proc", and the bytes of "args" are the program number,
- version number, procedure number, and parameters of the remote
- procedure.
- X.LP
- X.B Note:
- X.RS
- X.IP 1.
- This procedure only sends a response if the procedure was
- successfully executed and is silent (no response) otherwise.
- X.IP 2.
- The port mapper communicates with the remote program using UDP/IP
- only.
- X.RE
- X.LP
- The procedure returns the remote program's port number, and the bytes
- of results are the results of the remote procedure.
- X.bp
- X.NH 1
- \&References
- X.LP
- [1] Birrell, Andrew D. & Nelson, Bruce Jay; "Implementing Remote
- Procedure Calls"; XEROX CSL-83-7, October 1983.
- X.LP
- [2] Cheriton, D.; "VMTP: Versatile Message Transaction Protocol",
- Preliminary Version 0.3; Stanford University, January 1987.
- X.LP
- [3] Diffie & Hellman; "Net Directions in Cryptography"; IEEE
- Transactions on Information Theory IT-22, November 1976.
- X.LP
- [4] Harrenstien, K.; "Time Server", RFC 738; Information Sciences
- Institute, October 1977.
- X.LP
- [5] National Bureau of Standards; "Data Encryption Standard"; Federal
- Information Processing Standards Publication 46, January 1977.
- X.LP
- [6] Postel, J.; "Transmission Control Protocol - DARPA Internet
- Program Protocol Specification", RFC 793; Information Sciences
- Institute, September 1981.
- X.LP
- [7] Postel, J.; "User Datagram Protocol", RFC 768; Information Sciences
- Institute, August 1980.
- X.LP
- [8] Reynolds, J. & Postel, J.; "Assigned Numbers", RFC 923; Information
- Sciences Institute, October 1984.
- Funky_Stuff
- echo x - rpcgen.ms
- sed -e 's/^X//' > rpcgen.ms <<'Funky_Stuff'
- X.\" @(#)rpcgen.ms 1.2 87/11/09 3.9 RPCSRC
- X.de BT
- X.if \\n%=1 .tl ''- % -''
- X..
- X.ND
- X.\" prevent excess underlining in nroff
- X.if n .fp 2 R
- X.OH '\fBrpcgen\fP Programming Guide''Page %'
- X.EH 'Page %''\fBrpcgen\fP Programming Guide'
- X.if \\n%=1 .bp
- X.SH
- \&\fBrpcgen\fP Programming Guide
- X.NH 0
- \&The \fBrpcgen\fP Protocol Compiler
- X.IX rpcgen "" \fIrpcgen\fP "" PAGE MAJOR
- X.LP
- X.IX RPC "" "" \fIrpcgen\fP
- The details of programming applications to use Remote Procedure Calls
- can be overwhelming. Perhaps most daunting is the writing of the XDR
- routines necessary to convert procedure arguments and results into
- their network format and vice-versa.
- X.LP
- Fortunately,
- X.I rpcgen
- exists to help programmers write RPC applications simply and directly.
- X.I rpcgen
- does most of the dirty work, allowing programmers to debug
- the main features of their application, instead of requiring them to
- spend most of their time debugging their network interface code.
- X.LP
- X.I rpcgen
- is a compiler. It accepts a remote program interface definition written
- in a language, called RPC Language, which is similar to C. It produces a C
- language output which includes stub versions of the client routines, a
- server skeleton, XDR filter routines for both parameters and results, and a
- header file that contains common definitions. The client stubs interface
- with the RPC library and effectively hide the network from their callers.
- The server stub similarly hides the network from the server procedures that
- are to be invoked by remote clients.
- X.I rpcgen 's
- output files can be compiled and linked in the usual way. The developer
- writes server procedures\(emin any language that observes Sun calling
- conventions\(emand links them with the server skeleton produced by
- X.I rpcgen
- to get an executable server program. To use a remote program, a programmer
- writes an ordinary main program that makes local procedure calls to the
- client stubs produced by
- X.I rpcgen .
- Linking this program with
- X.I rpcgen 's
- stubs creates an executable program. (At present the main program must be
- written in C).
- X.I rpcgen
- options can be used to suppress stub generation and to specify the transport
- to be used by the server stub.
- X.LP
- Like all compilers,
- X.I rpcgen
- reduces development time
- that would otherwise be spent coding and debugging low-level routines.
- All compilers, including
- X.I rpcgen ,
- do this at a small cost in efficiency
- and flexibility. However, many compilers allow escape hatches for
- programmers to mix low-level code with high-level code.
- X.I rpcgen
- is no exception. In speed-critical applications, hand-written routines
- can be linked with the
- X.I rpcgen
- output without any difficulty. Also, one may proceed by using
- X.I rpcgen
- output as a starting point, and rewriting it as necessary.
- X.NH 1
- \&Converting Local Procedures into Remote Procedures
- X.IX rpcgen "local procedures" \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.IX rpcgen "remote procedures" \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- Assume an application that runs on a single machine, one which we want
- to convert to run over the network. Here we will demonstrate such a
- conversion by way of a simple example\(ema program that prints a
- message to the console:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * printmsg.c: print a message on the console
- */
- X.ft CW
- #include <stdio.h>
-
- main(argc, argv)
- int argc;
- char *argv[];
- {
- char *message;
-
- if (argc < 2) {
- fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s <message>\en", argv[0]);
- exit(1);
- }
- message = argv[1];
-
- if (!printmessage(message)) {
- fprintf(stderr, "%s: couldn't print your message\en",
- argv[0]);
- exit(1);
- }
- printf("Message delivered!\n");
- }
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Print a message to the console.
- * Return a boolean indicating whether the message was actually printed.
- */
- X.ft CW
- printmessage(msg)
- char *msg;
- {
- FILE *f;
-
- f = fopen("/dev/console", "w");
- if (f == NULL) {
- return (0);
- }
- fprintf(f, "%s\en", msg);
- fclose(f);
- return(1);
- }
- X.DE
- X.LP
- And then, of course:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft CW
- example% \fBcc printmsg.c -o printmsg\fP
- example% \fBprintmsg "Hello, there."\fP
- Message delivered!
- example%
- X.DE
- X.LP
- If
- X.I printmessage
- was turned into a remote procedure,
- then it could be called from anywhere in the network.
- Ideally, one would just like to stick a keyword like
- X.I remote
- in front of a
- procedure to turn it into a remote procedure. Unfortunately,
- we have to live within the constraints of the C language, since
- it existed long before RPC did. But even without language
- support, it's not very difficult to make a procedure remote.
- X.LP
- In general, it's necessary to figure out what the types are for
- all procedure inputs and outputs. In this case, we have a
- procedure
- X.I printmessage
- which takes a string as input, and returns an integer
- as output. Knowing this, we can write a protocol specification in RPC
- language that describes the remote version of
- X.I printmessage .
- Here it is:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * msg.x: Remote message printing protocol
- */
- X.ft CW
-
- program MESSAGEPROG {
- version MESSAGEVERS {
- int PRINTMESSAGE(string) = 1;
- } = 1;
- } = 99;
- X.DE
- X.LP
- Remote procedures are part of remote programs, so we actually declared
- an entire remote program here which contains the single procedure
- X.I PRINTMESSAGE .
- This procedure was declared to be in version 1 of the
- remote program. No null procedure (procedure 0) is necessary because
- X.I rpcgen
- generates it automatically.
- X.LP
- Notice that everything is declared with all capital letters. This is
- not required, but is a good convention to follow.
- X.LP
- Notice also that the argument type is "string" and not "char *". This
- is because a "char *" in C is ambiguous. Programmers usually intend it
- to mean a null-terminated string of characters, but it could also
- represent a pointer to a single character or a pointer to an array of
- characters. In RPC language, a null-terminated string is
- unambiguously called a "string".
- X.LP
- There are just two more things to write. First, there is the remote
- procedure itself. Here's the definition of a remote procedure
- to implement the
- X.I PRINTMESSAGE
- procedure we declared above:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.vs 11
- X.ft I
- /*
- * msg_proc.c: implementation of the remote procedure "printmessage"
- */
- X.ft CW
-
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <rpc/rpc.h> /* \fIalways needed\fP */
- #include "msg.h" /* \fIneed this too: msg.h will be generated by rpcgen\fP */
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Remote verson of "printmessage"
- */
- X.ft CW
- int *
- printmessage_1(msg)
- char **msg;
- {
- static int result; /* \fImust be static!\fP */
- FILE *f;
-
- f = fopen("/dev/console", "w");
- if (f == NULL) {
- result = 0;
- return (&result);
- }
- fprintf(f, "%s\en", *msg);
- fclose(f);
- result = 1;
- return (&result);
- }
- X.vs
- X.DE
- X.LP
- Notice here that the declaration of the remote procedure
- X.I printmessage_1
- differs from that of the local procedure
- X.I printmessage
- in three ways:
- X.IP 1.
- It takes a pointer to a string instead of a string itself. This
- is true of all remote procedures: they always take pointers to their
- arguments rather than the arguments themselves.
- X.IP 2.
- It returns a pointer to an integer instead of an integer itself. This is
- also generally true of remote procedures: they always return a pointer
- to their results.
- X.IP 3.
- It has an "_1" appended to its name. In general, all remote
- procedures called by
- X.I rpcgen
- are named by the following rule: the name in the program definition
- (here
- X.I PRINTMESSAGE )
- is converted to all
- lower-case letters, an underbar ("_") is appended to it, and
- finally the version number (here 1) is appended.
- X.LP
- The last thing to do is declare the main client program that will call
- the remote procedure. Here it is:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * rprintmsg.c: remote version of "printmsg.c"
- */
- X.ft CW
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <rpc/rpc.h> /* \fIalways needed\fP */
- #include "msg.h" /* \fIneed this too: msg.h will be generated by rpcgen\fP */
-
- main(argc, argv)
- int argc;
- char *argv[];
- {
- CLIENT *cl;
- int *result;
- char *server;
- char *message;
-
- if (argc < 3) {
- fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s host message\en", argv[0]);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Save values of command line arguments
- */
- X.ft CW
- server = argv[1];
- message = argv[2];
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Create client "handle" used for calling \fIMESSAGEPROG\fP on the
- * server designated on the command line. We tell the RPC package
- * to use the "tcp" protocol when contacting the server.
- */
- X.ft CW
- cl = clnt_create(server, MESSAGEPROG, MESSAGEVERS, "tcp");
- if (cl == NULL) {
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Couldn't establish connection with server.
- * Print error message and die.
- */
- X.ft CW
- clnt_pcreateerror(server);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Call the remote procedure "printmessage" on the server
- */
- X.ft CW
- result = printmessage_1(&message, cl);
- if (result == NULL) {
- X.ft I
- /*
- * An error occurred while calling the server.
- * Print error message and die.
- */
- X.ft CW
- clnt_perror(cl, server);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Okay, we successfully called the remote procedure.
- */
- X.ft CW
- if (*result == 0) {
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Server was unable to print our message.
- * Print error message and die.
- */
- X.ft CW
- fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s couldn't print your message\en",
- argv[0], server);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * The message got printed on the server's console
- */
- X.ft CW
- printf("Message delivered to %s!\en", server);
- }
- X.DE
- There are two things to note here:
- X.IP 1.
- X.IX "client handle"
- First a client "handle" is created using the RPC library routine
- X.I clnt_create .
- This client handle will be passed to the stub routines
- which call the remote procedure.
- X.IP 2.
- The remote procedure
- X.I printmessage_1
- is called exactly the same way as it is declared in
- X.I msg_proc.c
- except for the inserted client handle as the first argument.
- X.LP
- Here's how to put all of the pieces together:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft CW
- example% \fBrpcgen msg.x\fP
- example% \fBcc rprintmsg.c msg_clnt.c -o rprintmsg\fP
- example% \fBcc msg_proc.c msg_svc.c -o msg_server\fP
- X.DE
- Two programs were compiled here: the client program
- X.I printmsg
- and the server program
- X.I msg_server .
- Before doing this though,
- X.I rpcgen
- was used to fill in the missing pieces.
- X.LP
- Here is what
- X.I rpcgen
- did with the input file
- X.I msg.x :
- X.IP 1.
- It created a header file called
- X.I msg.h
- that contained \fI#define\fP's for
- X.I MESSAGEPROG ,
- X.I MESSAGEVERS
- and
- X.I PRINTMESSAGE
- for use in the other modules.
- X.IP 2.
- It created client "stub" routines in the
- X.I msg_clnt.c
- file. In this case there is only one, the
- X.I printmessage_1
- that was referred to from the
- X.I printmsg
- client program. The name of the output file for
- client stub routines is always formed in this way: if the name of the
- input file is
- X.I FOO.x ,
- the client stubs output file is called
- X.I FOO_clnt.c .
- X.IP 3.
- It created the server program which calls
- X.I printmessage_1
- in
- X.I msg_proc.c .
- This server program is named
- X.I msg_svc.c .
- The rule for naming the server output file is similar to the
- previous one: for an input file called
- X.I FOO.x ,
- the output server file is named
- X.I FOO_svc.c .
- X.LP
- Now we're ready to have some fun. First, copy the server to a
- remote machine and run it. For this example, the
- machine is called "moon". Server processes are run in the
- background, because they never exit.
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft CW
- moon% msg_server &
- X.DE
- Then on our local machine ("sun") we can print a message on "moon"s
- console.
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft CW
- sun% printmsg moon "Hello, moon."
- X.DE
- The message will get printed to "moon"s console. You can print a
- message on anybody's console (including your own) with this program if
- you are able to copy the server to their machine and run it.
- X.NH 1
- \&Generating XDR Routines
- X.IX RPC "generating XDR routines"
- X.LP
- The previous example only demonstrated the automatic generation of
- client and server RPC code.
- X.I rpcgen
- may also be used to generate XDR routines, that is, the routines
- necessary to convert local data
- structures into network format and vice-versa. This example presents
- a complete RPC service\(ema remote directory listing service, which uses
- X.I rpcgen
- not only to generate stub routines, but also to generate the XDR
- routines. Here is the protocol description file:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * dir.x: Remote directory listing protocol
- */
- X.ft CW
- const MAXNAMELEN = 255; /* \fImaximum length of a directory entry\fP */
-
- typedef string nametype<MAXNAMELEN>; /* \fIa directory entry\fP */
-
- typedef struct namenode *namelist; /* \fIa link in the listing\fP */
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * A node in the directory listing
- */
- X.ft CW
- struct namenode {
- nametype name; /* \fIname of directory entry\fP */
- namelist next; /* \fInext entry\fP */
- };
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * The result of a READDIR operation.
- */
- X.ft CW
- union readdir_res switch (int errno) {
- case 0:
- namelist list; /* \fIno error: return directory listing\fP */
- default:
- void; /* \fIerror occurred: nothing else to return\fP */
- };
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * The directory program definition
- */
- X.ft CW
- program DIRPROG {
- version DIRVERS {
- readdir_res
- READDIR(nametype) = 1;
- } = 1;
- } = 76;
- X.DE
- Running
- X.I rpcgen
- on
- X.I dir.x
- creates four output files. Three are the same
- as before: header file, client stub routines and server skeleton. The
- fourth are the XDR routines necessary for converting the data types we
- declared into XDR format and vice-versa. These are output in the file
- X.I dir_xdr.c .
- X.LP
- Here is the implementation of the "READDIR" procedure:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.vs 11
- X.ft I
- /*
- * dir_proc.c: remote readdir implementation
- */
- X.ft CW
- #include <rpc/rpc.h>
- #include <sys/dir.h>
- #include "dir.h"
-
- extern int errno;
- extern char *malloc();
- extern char *strdup();
-
- readdir_res *
- readdir_1(dirname)
- nametype *dirname;
- {
- DIR *dirp;
- struct direct *d;
- namelist nl;
- namelist *nlp;
- static readdir_res res; /* \fImust be static\fP! */
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Open directory
- */
- X.ft CW
- dirp = opendir(*dirname);
- if (dirp == NULL) {
- res.errno = errno;
- return (&res);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Free previous result
- */
- X.ft CW
- xdr_free(xdr_readdir_res, &res);
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Collect directory entries
- */
- X.ft CW
- nlp = &res.readdir_res_u.list;
- while (d = readdir(dirp)) {
- nl = *nlp = (namenode *) malloc(sizeof(namenode));
- nl->name = strdup(d->d_name);
- nlp = &nl->next;
- }
- *nlp = NULL;
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Return the result
- */
- X.ft CW
- res.errno = 0;
- closedir(dirp);
- return (&res);
- }
- X.vs
- X.DE
- Finally, there is the client side program to call the server:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * rls.c: Remote directory listing client
- */
- X.ft CW
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <rpc/rpc.h> /* \fIalways need this\fP */
- #include "dir.h" /* \fIneed this too: will be generated by rpcgen\fP */
-
- extern int errno;
-
- main(argc, argv)
- int argc;
- char *argv[];
- {
- CLIENT *cl;
- char *server;
- char *dir;
- readdir_res *result;
- namelist nl;
-
-
- if (argc != 3) {
- fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s host directory\en", argv[0]);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Remember what our command line arguments refer to
- */
- X.ft CW
- server = argv[1];
- dir = argv[2];
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Create client "handle" used for calling \fIMESSAGEPROG\fP on the
- * server designated on the command line. We tell the RPC package
- * to use the "tcp" protocol when contacting the server.
- */
- X.ft CW
- cl = clnt_create(server, DIRPROG, DIRVERS, "tcp");
- if (cl == NULL) {
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Couldn't establish connection with server.
- * Print error message and die.
- */
- X.ft CW
- clnt_pcreateerror(server);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Call the remote procedure \fIreaddir\fP on the server
- */
- X.ft CW
- result = readdir_1(&dir, cl);
- if (result == NULL) {
- X.ft I
- /*
- * An error occurred while calling the server.
- * Print error message and die.
- */
- X.ft CW
- clnt_perror(cl, server);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Okay, we successfully called the remote procedure.
- */
- X.ft CW
- if (result->errno != 0) {
- X.ft I
- /*
- * A remote system error occurred.
- * Print error message and die.
- */
- X.ft CW
- errno = result->errno;
- perror(dir);
- exit(1);
- }
-
- X.ft I
- /*
- * Successfully got a directory listing.
- * Print it out.
- */
- X.ft CW
- for (nl = result->readdir_res_u.list; nl != NULL;
- nl = nl->next) {
- printf("%s\n", nl->name);
- }
- }
- X.DE
- Compile everything, and run.
- X.DS
- X.ft CW
- sun% \fBrpcgen dir.x\fP
- sun% \fBcc rls.c dir_clnt.c dir_xdr.c -o rls\fP
- sun% \fBcc dir_svc.c dir_proc.c dir_xdr.c -o dir_svc\fP
-
- sun% \fBdir_svc &\fP
-
- moon% \fBrls sun /usr/pub\fP
- \&.
- \&..
- ascii
- eqnchar
- greek
- kbd
- marg8
- tabclr
- tabs
- tabs4
- moon%
- X.DE
- X.LP
- X.IX debugging rpcgen "" \fIrpcgen\fP
- A final note about
- X.I rpcgen :
- The client program and the server procedure can be tested together
- as a single program by simply linking them with each other rather
- than with the client and server stubs. The procedure calls will be
- executed as ordinary local procedure calls and the program can be
- debugged with a local debugger such as
- X.I dbx .
- When the program is working, the client program can be linked to
- the client stub produced by
- X.I rpcgen
- and the server procedures can be linked to the server stub produced
- by
- X.I rpcgen .
- X.SH
- X.I NOTE :
- \fIIf you do this, you may want to comment out calls to RPC library
- routines, and have client-side routines call server routines
- directly.\fP
- X.LP
- X.NH 1
- \&The C-Preprocessor
- X.IX rpcgen "C-preprocessor" \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- The C-preprocessor is run on all input files before they are
- compiled, so all the preprocessor directives are legal within a ".x"
- file. Four symbols may be defined, depending upon which output file is
- getting generated. The symbols are:
- X.TS
- box tab (&);
- lfI lfI
- lfL l .
- Symbol&Usage
- _
- RPC_HDR&for header-file output
- RPC_XDR&for XDR routine output
- RPC_SVC&for server-skeleton output
- RPC_CLNT&for client stub output
- X.TE
- X.LP
- Also,
- X.I rpcgen
- does a little preprocessing of its own. Any line that
- begins with a percent sign is passed directly into the output file,
- without any interpretation of the line. Here is a simple example that
- demonstrates the preprocessing features.
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * time.x: Remote time protocol
- */
- X.ft CW
- program TIMEPROG {
- version TIMEVERS {
- unsigned int TIMEGET(void) = 1;
- } = 1;
- } = 44;
-
- #ifdef RPC_SVC
- %int *
- %timeget_1()
- %{
- % static int thetime;
- %
- % thetime = time(0);
- % return (&thetime);
- %}
- #endif
- X.DE
- The '%' feature is not generally recommended, as there is no guarantee
- that the compiler will stick the output where you intended.
- X.NH 1
- \&RPC Language
- X.IX RPCL
- X.IX rpcgen "RPC Language" \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- RPC language is an extension of XDR language. The sole extension is
- the addition of the
- X.I program
- type. For a complete description of the XDR language syntax, see the
- \fIeXternal Data Representation Standard: Protocol Specification\fP
- chapter. For a description of the RPC extensions to the XDR language,
- see the
- \fIRemote Procedure Calls: Protocol Specification\fP
- chapter.
- X.LP
- However, XDR language is so close to C that if you know C, you know most
- of it already. We describe here the syntax of the RPC language,
- showing a few examples along the way. We also show how the various
- RPC and XDR type definitions get compiled into C type definitions in
- the output header file.
- X.KS
- X.NH 2
- \&Definitions
- X.IX rpcgen definitions \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- An RPC language file consists of a series of definitions.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- definition-list:
- definition ";"
- definition ";" definition-list
- X.DE
- X.KE
- It recognizes five types of definitions.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- definition:
- enum-definition
- struct-definition
- union-definition
- typedef-definition
- const-definition
- program-definition
- X.DE
- X.NH 2
- \&Structures
- X.IX rpcgen structures \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- An XDR struct is declared almost exactly like its C counterpart. It
- looks like the following:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- struct-definition:
- "struct" struct-ident "{"
- declaration-list
- "}"
-
- declaration-list:
- declaration ";"
- declaration ";" declaration-list
- X.DE
- As an example, here is an XDR structure to define a two-dimensional
- coordinate, and the C structure that it gets compiled into in the
- output header file.
- X.DS
- X.ft CW
- struct coord { struct coord {
- int x; --> int x;
- int y; int y;
- }; };
- typedef struct coord coord;
- X.DE
- The output is identical to the input, except for the added
- X.I typedef
- at the end of the output. This allows one to use "coord" instead of
- "struct coord" when declaring items.
- X.NH 2
- \&Unions
- X.IX rpcgen unions \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- XDR unions are discriminated unions, and look quite different from C
- unions. They are more analogous to Pascal variant records than they
- are to C unions.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- union-definition:
- "union" union-ident "switch" "(" declaration ")" "{"
- case-list
- "}"
-
- case-list:
- "case" value ":" declaration ";"
- "default" ":" declaration ";"
- "case" value ":" declaration ";" case-list
- X.DE
- Here is an example of a type that might be returned as the result of a
- "read data" operation. If there is no error, return a block of data.
- Otherwise, don't return anything.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- union read_result switch (int errno) {
- case 0:
- opaque data[1024];
- default:
- void;
- };
- X.DE
- It gets compiled into the following:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- struct read_result {
- int errno;
- union {
- char data[1024];
- } read_result_u;
- };
- typedef struct read_result read_result;
- X.DE
- Notice that the union component of the output struct has the name as
- the type name, except for the trailing "_u".
- X.NH 2
- \&Enumerations
- X.IX rpcgen enumerations \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- XDR enumerations have the same syntax as C enumerations.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- enum-definition:
- "enum" enum-ident "{"
- enum-value-list
- "}"
-
- enum-value-list:
- enum-value
- enum-value "," enum-value-list
-
- enum-value:
- enum-value-ident
- enum-value-ident "=" value
- X.DE
- Here is a short example of an XDR enum, and the C enum that it gets
- compiled into.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- enum colortype { enum colortype {
- RED = 0, RED = 0,
- GREEN = 1, --> GREEN = 1,
- BLUE = 2 BLUE = 2,
- }; };
- typedef enum colortype colortype;
- X.DE
- X.NH 2
- \&Typedef
- X.IX rpcgen typedef \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- XDR typedefs have the same syntax as C typedefs.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- typedef-definition:
- "typedef" declaration
- X.DE
- Here is an example that defines a
- X.I fname_type
- used for declaring
- file name strings that have a maximum length of 255 characters.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- typedef string fname_type<255>; --> typedef char *fname_type;
- X.DE
- X.NH 2
- \&Constants
- X.IX rpcgen constants \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- XDR constants symbolic constants that may be used wherever a
- integer constant is used, for example, in array size specifications.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- const-definition:
- "const" const-ident "=" integer
- X.DE
- For example, the following defines a constant
- X.I DOZEN
- equal to 12.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- const DOZEN = 12; --> #define DOZEN 12
- X.DE
- X.NH 2
- \&Programs
- X.IX rpcgen programs \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- RPC programs are declared using the following syntax:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- program-definition:
- "program" program-ident "{"
- version-list
- "}" "=" value
-
- version-list:
- version ";"
- version ";" version-list
-
- version:
- "version" version-ident "{"
- procedure-list
- "}" "=" value
-
- procedure-list:
- procedure ";"
- procedure ";" procedure-list
-
- procedure:
- type-ident procedure-ident "(" type-ident ")" "=" value
- X.DE
- For example, here is the time protocol, revisited:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft I
- /*
- * time.x: Get or set the time. Time is represented as number of seconds
- * since 0:00, January 1, 1970.
- */
- X.ft CW
- program TIMEPROG {
- version TIMEVERS {
- unsigned int TIMEGET(void) = 1;
- void TIMESET(unsigned) = 2;
- } = 1;
- } = 44;
- X.DE
- This file compiles into #defines in the output header file:
- X.ie t .DS
- X.el .DS L
- X.ft CW
- #define TIMEPROG 44
- #define TIMEVERS 1
- #define TIMEGET 1
- #define TIMESET 2
- X.DE
- X.NH 2
- \&Declarations
- X.IX rpcgen declarations \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- In XDR, there are only four kinds of declarations.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- declaration:
- simple-declaration
- fixed-array-declaration
- variable-array-declaration
- pointer-declaration
- X.DE
- \fB1) Simple declarations\fP are just like simple C declarations.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- simple-declaration:
- type-ident variable-ident
- X.DE
- Example:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- colortype color; --> colortype color;
- X.DE
- \fB2) Fixed-length Array Declarations\fP are just like C array declarations:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- fixed-array-declaration:
- type-ident variable-ident "[" value "]"
- X.DE
- Example:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- colortype palette[8]; --> colortype palette[8];
- X.DE
- \fB3) Variable-Length Array Declarations\fP have no explicit syntax
- in C, so XDR invents its own using angle-brackets.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- variable-array-declaration:
- type-ident variable-ident "<" value ">"
- type-ident variable-ident "<" ">"
- X.DE
- The maximum size is specified between the angle brackets. The size may
- be omitted, indicating that the array may be of any size.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- int heights<12>; /* \fIat most 12 items\fP */
- int widths<>; /* \fIany number of items\fP */
- X.DE
- Since variable-length arrays have no explicit syntax in C, these
- declarations are actually compiled into "struct"s. For example, the
- "heights" declaration gets compiled into the following struct:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- struct {
- u_int heights_len; /* \fI# of items in array\fP */
- int *heights_val; /* \fIpointer to array\fP */
- } heights;
- X.DE
- Note that the number of items in the array is stored in the "_len"
- component and the pointer to the array is stored in the "_val"
- component. The first part of each of these component's names is the
- same as the name of the declared XDR variable.
- X.LP
- \fB4) Pointer Declarations\fP are made in
- XDR exactly as they are in C. You can't
- really send pointers over the network, but you can use XDR pointers
- for sending recursive data types such as lists and trees. The type is
- actually called "optional-data", not "pointer", in XDR language.
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- pointer-declaration:
- type-ident "*" variable-ident
- X.DE
- Example:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- listitem *next; --> listitem *next;
- X.DE
- X.NH 2
- \&Special Cases
- X.IX rpcgen "special cases" \fIrpcgen\fP
- X.LP
- There are a few exceptions to the rules described above.
- X.LP
- X.B Booleans:
- C has no built-in boolean type. However, the RPC library does a
- boolean type called
- X.I bool_t
- that is either
- X.I TRUE
- or
- X.I FALSE .
- Things declared as type
- X.I bool
- in XDR language are compiled into
- X.I bool_t
- in the output header file.
- X.LP
- Example:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- bool married; --> bool_t married;
- X.DE
- X.B Strings:
- C has no built-in string type, but instead uses the null-terminated
- "char *" convention. In XDR language, strings are declared using the
- "string" keyword, and compiled into "char *"s in the output header
- file. The maximum size contained in the angle brackets specifies the
- maximum number of characters allowed in the strings (not counting the
- X.I NULL
- character). The maximum size may be left off, indicating a string
- of arbitrary length.
- X.LP
- Examples:
- X.DS L
- X.ft CW
- string name<32>; --> char *name;
- string longname<>; --> char *longname;
- X.DE
- X.B "Opaque Data:"
- Opaque data is used in RPC and XDR to describe untyped data, that is,
- just sequences of arbitrary bytes. It may be declared either as a
- fixed or variable length array.
- X.DS L
- Examples:
- X.ft CW
- opaque diskblock[512]; --> char diskblock[512];
-
- opaque filedata<1024>; --> struct {
- u_int filedata_len;
- char *filedata_val;
- } filedata;
- X.DE
- X.B Voids:
- In a void declaration, the variable is not named. The declaration is
- just "void" and nothing else. Void declarations can only occur in two
- places: union definitions and program definitions (as the argument or
- result of a remote procedure).
- Funky_Stuff
- cd ..
- echo more files to follow
- exit
-